African American History and Women Timeline 1700-1799

[Previous] [Next] Women and African American History: 1700-1799 1702 New York passed a law prohibiting public gatherings by three or more enslaved Africans, prohibiting testimony in court by enslaved Africans against white colonists, and prohibiting trade with enslaved Africans. 1705 Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 were enacted by the House of Burgesses in the Colony of Virginia.  These laws more clearly delineated differences in rights for indentured servants (from Europe) and slaves of color.  The latter included enslaved Africans and Native Americans sold to colonists by other Native Americans.  The codes specifically legalized the trade in enslaved people and established rights of ownership as property rights.  The codes also prohibited the Africans, even if free, from striking white people or owning any weapons.  Many historians agree that this was a response to events, including Bacons Rebellion, where white and black servants had united. 1711 A Pennsylvania law outlawing slavery was overturned by Britains Queen Anne.New York City opened a public slave market on Wall Street. 1712 New York responded to a slave revolt that year by passing legislation targeting black and Native Americans.  The legislation authorized punishment by slave owners and authorized the death penalty for enslaved Africans convicted of murder, rape, arson or assault.  Freeing those enslaved was made more difficult by requiring a significant payment to the government and an annuity to the one freed.   1721 The colony of South Carolina limited the right of voting to free white Christian men. 1725 Pennsylvania passed  An Act for the Better Regulating of Negroes in this Province, providing more property rights to owners, limiting contact and freedom of Free Negroes and Mulattoes, and requiring a payment to the government if a slave were freed. 1735 South Carolina laws required freed slaves to leave the colony within three months or return to enslavement. 1738 Fugitive slaves establish a permanent settlement at Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, Florida. 1739 A few white citizens in Georgia petition the governor to end bringing Africans to the colony, calling enslavement a moral wrong. 1741 After trials for conspiracy to burn down New York City, 13 African American men were burned at the stake, 17 African American men were hanged, and two white men and two white women were hanged.  South Carolina passed more restrictive slave laws, permitting the killing of rebellious slaves by their owners, banning the teaching of reading and writing to enslaved people and prohibiting enslaved people from earning money or gathering in groups. 1746 Lucy Terry wrote Bars Fight, the first known poem by an African American. It was not published until after Phillis Wheatleys poems were, passed down orally until 1855.  The poem was about an Indian raid on Terrys Massachusetts town. 1753 or 1754 Phillis Wheatley born (enslaved African, poet, first published African American writer). 1762 Virginias new voting law specifies that only white men may vote. 1773 Phillis Wheatleys book of poems, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was  published in Boston and then in England, making her the first published African American writer, and the second book by a woman to be published in the land which was about to become the United States. 1777 Vermont, establishing itself as a free republic, outlawed slavery in its constitution, allowing indentured servitude bound by their own consent.  Its this provision that grounds the claim of Vermont to be the first state in the United States to outlaw slavery. 1780 - 1781 Massachusetts, the first New England colony to legally establish slave ownership, found in a series of court cases that slavery was effectively abolished  African American men (but not women) had the right to vote. Freedom came, in fact, more slowly, including some enslaved Africans becoming indentured. By 1790, the federal census showed no slaves in Massachusetts. 1784 †¢ (December 5) Phillis Wheatley died (poet, enslaved African; first published African American writer) 1787 Thomas Jeffersons daughter, Mary, joins him in Paris, with Sally Hemings, likely his wifes enslaved half-sister,  accompanying Mary to Paris 1791 Vermont was admitted to the Union as a state, preserving a slavery ban in its constitution. 1792 Sarah Moore Grimke born (abolitionist, womens rights proponent) 1793 (January 3) Lucretia Mott born (Quaker abolitionist and womens rights advocate) 1795 (October 5, 1795)  Sally Hemings  gives birth to daughter, Harriet, who dies in 1797. She will give birth to four or five more children, likely fathered by Thomas Jefferson.  Another daughter, Harriet, born in 1801, will disappear into white society. about 1797 Sojourner Truth (Isabella Van Wagener) born an  enslaved African (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, minister, lecturer) [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

Case Analysis Obergefell V. Hodges - 1136 Words

In Obergefell v. Hodges, the United States Supreme Court held that same sex couples can now exercise the fundamental right of marriage nationwide. Justice Kennedy reached this result by redefining what marriage is. James Obergefell and John Arthur married in Maryland in 2013. They lived in Ohio, which did not recognize same sex marriage. When John Arthur was diagnosed with ALS, the couple sued to have Obergefell’s name placed on the death certificate as a surviving spouse. The U.S. District Court overturned Ohio’s law banning same-sex marriage. The respondents appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. On appeal, the decision was reversed; therefore, Arthur’s death certificate could not have Obergefall’s name on it. The case was brought to the Supreme Court and consolidated with three similar cases. The Supreme Court’s decision finalized the questions of whether states have the right to pass laws treating marriages differently based upon sex, and if states have to acknowledge the marriage of same-sex couples who were married in another state. On a 5-4 decision, the Court determined that the Fourteenth Amendment requires states to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples because they cannot be treated differently than opposite sex couples. The court also determined that states have to recognize same-sex marriages the same way they do with opposite-sex. However, the Supreme Court did not create a law about same sex marriage, it just stated thatShow MoreRelatedThe Constitutional History II On The United States1544 Words   |  7 PagesClause of the Fourteenth Amendment. (Lempert, 2015) The case of Obergefell v. Hodges was a case that held that the Fourteenth Amendment requires all states to recognize and grant same sex marriage licenses to couples that have been granted that right in other jurisdictions. This case may be considered a significant decision of the United States Supreme Court when analyzing US Constitutional History, but the real question is whether or not this case was decided and analyzed using the framework of legalRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage1256 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of popular case which is called the Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). This very important case involved â€Å"14 same-sex couples and two men whose same-sex partners are deceased† in this case the couples argued that the â€Å"state officials violated [their] 14th amendment by denying them the right to marry or to have marriages lawfully performed in another state given full recognition and also violated their equal protection Clause.† The supreme court ruled in favor for this case because in the 14thRead MoreWhy Did The 14th Amendment Guarantees Equal Protection Under The Law?1092 Words   |  5 PagesStates. This all occurred becaus e of the Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) case. This very important case involved â€Å"14 same-sex couples and two men whose same-sex partners are deceased† and the couples argued that the â€Å"state officials violated [their] 14th amendment by denying them the right to marry or to have marriages lawfully performed in another state given full recognition and also violated their equal protection Clause. The supreme court ruled for this case because in the 14th Amendment it clearlyRead MoreThe Tension Between Liberty And Equality2115 Words   |  9 Pagesequality are â€Å"slowly disclosed† and only become apparent in the long-term analysis, whereas those of liberty can be seen immediately and are â€Å"apparent to all† (203)—combined with the initial point, it appears far more valuable to men in the short-term to place greater value on equality. These two points are also valuable justifications when considering Tocqueville’s secondary argument to be discussed later in this analysis. Following from Tocqueville’s observations of the tension between libertyRead MoreConvention Of The States Argument Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 12th and still most recent state to come on board with the Convention of the States. Over the last 40 years, 27 states have supported the idea, but only twelve have passed an application affirming approval (Personal Address). As stated in Article V of the Constitution, a Convention of the States would require a 2/3 approval from state legislatures (Texas Gov.). Most recently, the Convention of the States Project took pride in hitting three-million supporters nationwide. Advocates including SenatorRead MoreAnalysis Of Paul Loeb s Soul Of A Citizen1687 Words   |  7 Pagesbut also of the entire world as well. A good citizen will stand up for what they consider important. As the quote by Giroux states, it is a responsibility to others as well, as the brave citizen is doing the entire community a favor as well. The analysis inclu ded in this paper will allow a reader to fathom what it means to bring change about, to get one’s voice heard, and to stand up for one’s beliefs, hopes and desires. This paper will be proceeded in a manner that not only summarizes the key ideasRead MoreThe Power Of A Society s Justice System1581 Words   |  7 Pagesaffecting the nation’s international standing. Society’s shared understanding of values and its behaviors influenced by the Supreme Court’s rulings, while simultaneously, influencing international interpretations of justice, are exposed through the analysis of ideological and behavioral codes. Key to the understanding of American values and the Supreme Court’s rulings is the political theory interwoven between the nation’s framework. Liberty, justice, and equality are at the heart of American democracyRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Under International Law1219 Words   |  5 Pagesand I call on all members of our UN family to unite in rejecting homophobia as discrimination that can never be tolerated at our workplace†. Ban Ki-moon, the 8th Secretary General of the UN, commented on the United States Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges by saying, â€Å"A great step forward. Denying couples legal recognition of their relationship opens the door to widespread discrimination.† This shows the growth and change of open mindedness all around the world over past centuries (PublicRead MoreI Chose The United States Of America As My Case Study,1355 Words   |  6 PagesI chose the United States of America as my case study, due to its re markable design that is still in effect today. Although it’s far from perfect it has been present since 1776 without signs of it diminishing anytime soon. Understanding the reasons why it was established in the first place is crucial to grasping an educated analysis. Analyzing the United States’ history, background, and governmental design in a hypothetical approach will entail a better understanding in how and why it developed itsRead MoreThe United States1445 Words   |  6 PagesThe history of the United States tends to be understood through analysis of periods of conflict. From the Revolutionary War, to the Civil War, both World Wars, the Cold War (and its affiliate proxy incidents), and finally modern day. What this skeletal description misses are the individual struggles of people who spent their lives marginalized due to societal stereotypes and discriminatory legislation. Groups have been affected due to identities that include but are not limited to: race, re ligion

The Centre for Corporate Law Free-Samples- Assignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Is the Company bound by the Contract? Would it make any difference to your answer if Harry were only acting as Managing Director, never having been appointed to the Position? 2.If Maria fails to meet Payments under the loan agreement, can the bank enforce the guarantee against the Company? Answers: 1.Issue To analyze the status of the contract established by William? Whether the status of the contract would have been changed if Harry was not the Managing Director (MD) of the company? Legal principles In Australia, the company is an entity which is incorporated under law and is separate in the eyes of law, that is, it has separate legal personality and the company officers and directors are distinct from the company. The company has the capacity to sue or be sued in its own name. Once a company is registered then through it is an artificial person but it requiring personnel for its working and organization. The Directors are the company officers who are appointee to carry out these important tasks. (Chapple Lipton, 2002) The company appoints a person as the position of the director as per section 9 of the Corporation Act 2001 and includes all such people who are carrying out directorial duties whether they are formality appointed at that position or not (Natcomp Technology Australia Pty Ltd v.Graiche(2001). Thus, a simple agent of a company can be considered to be company director of he is performing all the directorial functions on behalf of the company (Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Austin(1998)). (Australian Master Family Law Guide, 2009). However, a person can only become a director if he financially sounds. It is specifically laid down under section 206B (3) of the Act that no person who is bankrupt is capable enough to become the company director (Re Ansett (1991). (The Law HandBook, 2017) The company is managed under the direction of the Managing Director and he has the capacity to delegate some of his managerial functions to his agent (Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd [1968]). Thus an agent can only perform the directorial functions provided the same are delegated to them by the MD of the company. Thus, an MD can delegate by two ways, that is, (Tarr, (2001)) Firstly, the MD can delegate his functions to his agent by actually undertaking acts on such behalf. He can expressly state to an agent that he is capable to take actions or enter into contract on behalf of the MD or an MD can impliedly submit by his conducts or actions which portray that the agent does have the power to bind the company and MD. This kind of authority is actual nature (Bell v Australian Eagle Insurance Co. Ltd , (1990); secondly, it is a kind of authority which is granted by an MD to his agent not directly or actually but is granted by way of representation which he carries out in front of third party to make them believe that the agent has the power to bind the MD and the company by his actions (Thames Cruises Ltd v George Wheeler Launches Another, [2003]). This is called ostensible authority. In such scenario, if the third party contracts with the agent on a good belief that the agent is authorized to bind the company then any such contract which is framed is lega l and valid and is enforceable. (EGERT, G, 2007) The third party can rely on the validity of the contract which are framed and are based upon ostensible authority provided the third party is not aware of the defects which exist in the authority of the agent. If an agent enters into a contract but does not have authority and the third party makes a contract believing that the agent posses authority then the believe must be made in good faith. (Greig, D. W., 1988) These laws are now applied. 2.Issue To analyze the status of the guarantee that is provided by Maria to the Bank? Legal principle When any outsider is dealing with the company, then, it will very harsh to expect that the outsider must be aware of all the internal proceedings of the company, especially when the outsider has no source to make enquiries and to check the internal proceedings of the company. In such situation, the law has granted power to an outsider to make few assumptions while making any contractual relationship with the company. The power is granted under section 128 (1) of the Act as per which an outsider is eligible to make assumption of section 129 of the Act and is rightly held in Gye v McIntyre (1991). These assumption can also be availed even if forgery is incurred by the company officers and is held in section 128 (3) of the Act and is discussed in South London Greyhound Racecourses Ltd v Wake [1931. These presumptions are only valid provided the sake is made with good faith and no knowledge of the previous discrepancies on the part of the outsider (section 128 (4). The assumptions includ e: (Chapple Lipton, 2002) Section 129 (1) - The company must have fulfilled all of its provisions under law. Section 129 (2) That all provisions must have been comply with and the directors and officers are appointed legally (Vrisakis v Australian Securities Commission (1993); Section 129 (3) and section 129 (4) f an agent is appointed that all legal provisions are comply with and is held in Crabtree-Vickers Pty Ltd v Australian Direct Mail Advertising Addressing Co Pty Ltd (1975). (J Power, 2015) Section 125 (5) - (7) The document which are issued by the company are legal and valid whether excited with or without common seal but must be signed by two director OR a director and secretary Pyramid Building Society v Scorpion Hotels Pty Ltd (1996). A private company with sole director and shareholder can make a document binding by signing the same. (J Power, 2015) These laws are now applied. Application of law 1.The contract that is established by William with the outsider is enforceable in law. This is because, the company (Harry MD) has appointed William and has granted an actual authority wherein he can negotiate contract with the third party. However, Harry has made a representation in front of the third party that William is authors to make contract. this representation is made through a letter which is given by Harry to the outside company. On such representation and in good faith the outside company has entered into a contract with William, thus, by applying the rule in Ogden Co Pty Ltd v Reliance Fire Sprinkler Co Pty Ltd, (1973, it is submitted that though the actual authroty of William was limited but the same was extend by Harry through ostensibel authority. Now, the outside comoany believing on such ostensibel authority has entered into a contract with Willaim and thus the contract has validity in law and is enforceable. 2.Even if Harry was not an MD of the company but the acts of Harry were in compliance to the position of an MD and thus he must be treated as an MD as per section 9 of the Act and thus if William was delegated the authority by Harry (as deem MD) still the position of contracts made by William will remain unchanged and the contract are still valid. As per the facts of the case, Maria and David are the company shareholders and directors. Maria is in need of money and she wished to borrow the same from the bank. The money is required for the needs of the company and for the personal requirements of Mari. Now, the bank is willing to provide the money but it requires a guarantee from the directors of the company. The bank as per section 128 (1) can make assumptions that the document that are signed by the company are genuine. The assumption by bank is valid provided it has no knowledge of the discrepancies as per section 128 (4). Now, Maria has forged the document by signing the name of the David along with her name. now, the bank as per section 1128 (3) can make the assumptions under section 129 even when the document are forged provided section 129 (7) is comply with. Now, the document contains the signature of both Maria and David, thus, the document is signed by the two company directors and thus fulfill the requirements of section 129n (7). So, the document can assume to be genuine and is validly executed by the company. But, the bank in no circumstances must6 be aware of the discrepancies in order to rely on the assumptions lay down under section 129 of the Act. Conclusion The contract amid William and the outside company is valid in law. The contract will still remain valid even if Harry was a not an MD but he will be deem MD as per section 9 and has authority to delegate his powers to William. It is thus submitted that the document that is executed by Maria though is forged but must be considered as genuine by the bank by relying on the assumption that are provided under section 129 of the Act. Reference List Books/Articles/Journals Australian Master Family Law Guide (2009) CCH Australia Limited. EGERT, G. ((2007) ). DEFINING A PARTNERSHIP: THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH VERSUS AN INNOVATIVE DEPARTURE ? DO QUEENSLAND APPEAL COURT DECISIONS POINT TO THE NEED FOR A REVIEW OF THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO INTERPRETATION ADOPTED BY AUSTRALIAN COURTS? . Bond Review. Greig, D. W. (1988), Commercial law. Butterworths. Chapple Lipton (2002) Corporate Authority And Dealings With Officers And Agents, The Centre for Corporate Law and Securities Regulation. Power J, (2015)Courage to move beyond the past: Common law and canonical structures for the governance of Australian congregational schools in the 21st century, University of Notre Dame Australia. Tarr, J. A. ((2001)). Information Disclosure: Consumers, Insurers and the Insurance Contracting Process. iUniverse.Case LawsBell v Australian Eagle Insurance Co. Ltd , (1990) Crabtree-Vickers Pty Ltd v Australian Direct Mail Advertising Addressing Co Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 72. Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Austin(1998). Gye v McIntyre (1991) 98 ALR 393 at 403. Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd [1968] Maynegrain Pty Ltd v Compafina Bank, [1982]. Natcomp Technology Australia Pty Ltd v.Graiche(2001). Re Ansett (1991) 9 ACLC 277. South London Greyhound Racecourses Ltd v Wake [1931] 1 Ch 496. (Thames Cruises Ltd v George Wheeler Launches Another, [2003]. Vrisakis v Australian Securities Commission (1993) 11 ACLC 763. Online material The Law HandBook, Disadvantages of Bankruptcy, (2017) https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch04s03s02.php. (Accessed on 8th May 2017).

Why the vegetarian diet is bes Essay Example For Students

Why the vegetarian diet is bes Essay Why the vegetarian diet is bes Essayt The vegetarian diet is becoming increasingly popular all the time. Is the vegetarian or meat diet better? A decade ago and earlier, the impression was that a vegetarian diet was lacking in the nutrients found in meat products. Today though, through research and nutritional science, it has been proven that all the nutrients found in meat can also be found in the correct vegetarian diet. Some may argue that by only consuming meat that is low in fat, meat and vegetarian diets have identical benefits. This is true only if one eats only very low fat meat. We will write a custom essay on Why the vegetarian diet is bes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The lack of meat is not necessarily the main benefit of to the vegetarian. Vegetarians tend to eat more fruits, vegetables and grains that the meat eater. They also tend not to use tobacco and excessive alcohol. In addition, vegetarians tend to get more exercise. The term vegetarian can be misleading. This diet can take on many different variations. A fruitarian eats only fruits, seeds and nuts while the vegan eats these and vegetables, grains and legumes. A lacto vegetarian consumes the same as a vegan as well as dairy products. A lacto-ovo vegetarian follows after the lacto vegetarian but also includes eggs while the ovo vegetarian excludes dairy products. Finally, the partial vegetarian eats anything except red meat, or at least strictly limits it. Because the term vegetarian is used to cover all facets and variations, it is difficult to identify health benefits resulting from the vegetarian diet including all of the above. Most meat eaters do not realize that there are so many variations to the vegetarian diet, which makes accurate studies even more difficult. As a whole though, vegetarians tend to have less body fat than nonvegetarians. This is most likely due to the low fat and high carbohydrate content of their diet. Vegetarians usually have lower blood pressure than meat eaters because of lifestyle and diet. Other factors probably include exercise and resistance to smoking and alcohol intake. Coronary artery disease is directly related to saturated fat intake. In studies testing cholesterol levels, vegetarians beat out all others including those that only ate lean meats. Milk, however, lowers blood cholesterol, as does soy. Another benefit is the lack of digestive disorders among vegetarians. It is possible that this is directly related to the high fiber content consumed. The last main benefit of the vegetarian diet is its relationship to cancer rate reduction, especially colon cancer. People who develop colon cancer tend to eat more meat, less fiber, and more saturated fat than those without colon cancer. This is the same case with lymphatic cancer. The only advantage a meat eater might have over a vegetarian would be during pregnancy and childhood. Studies have shown that children grow best when they eat meat products. Likewise, vegetarian women may enter pregnancy too thin and be lacking in stores of nutrients. Obviously, there are advantages and drawbacks to both diets however I feel the vegetarian diets advantages greatly outweigh its shortcomings. Whether a meat eater or vegetarian, both diets can contribute to good health with proper planning. .