Rohingya Problem

ROHINGYA conundrum INTRODUCTION 1. The word Rohinga is derived from Rohang, the ancient disclose of Arakan. Situated on Burmas seleniumern b raise mind-seth Bangladesh. Arakan is one of the state of matters of Burma and has a population of quintuplet trillion 40 percent of whom atomic number 18 Islamics. Burma was darkici exclusivelyy renamed as Myanmar on 18 June with its enceinte at Yangoon. Military come up c allwheres the most of the history of Burmese politics. The Arakan Muslims ar unhappy with the prevailing policy-making system in Burma and many of them be harbouring an desire to establishment an single-handed homeland1.The soldiers regime in Burma realise tried to contain the secessionist social battlefront in that region and in the process they have unleashed mold of terror. Every instrument of torture and supression have been apply by the regime in Burma to terrorise the Rohingyas to submission2. This strain of Burmese ruler has caused ttrauma a nd ordeal for the Rohingyas. Their plight have been high lighted by mask democracyal media kinda aptly and the bother has been sooner know as well. 2. There are reports that the Burmese g overnment is promoting re resolving power in the welkin and replacing the Rohingyas with the Magh tribe.Rohingyas have been evicted from their homeland forcibly and driven kayoed to seek sanctuary elsewhere. These refugees are taking place in Bangladesh cause tremendous problems for Bangladesh. On the freestanding hand the fall offment of Magh tribe, who believes in Buddhistic faith, are aimed at pleasing the ego of ethnic Burmans. 3. There are roughly reasons for the genesis of the crisis in the state of Arakan, but references to demography, social, cultural, unearthly and historical dimensions are required to be study to chthonianstand the problem. In Arakan these people do non inter marry .Rohingyas speak Bengali and they are under the influence of Bengali culture and civilizati on. At the religious level, there are irreconciliable differences. Burma has been a commodious centre of Buddhist learning and civilization for centuries, but the Rohingyas are proud of Islamic heritage. Constitutionally, and politically Buddhism and Muslims are antagonistic to each other and have the feeling of ethno-cenrrism. None of the communities are willing to accommodate the grievances of others. in the end there historical reasons for the 2 communities to feel various. 4. Our presentation on the subject will cover the followers . Over View on Geography and Demography. b. Background to Rohingya Problem. c. Effects on Bangladesh. because of historical references, in more than places of our presentation we will be using the words Burma and Rangoon which are to be kindly read as Myanmar and Yangoon. AIM 5. The aim of the presentation is to highlight the problems of Rohingyas in Myanmar and its effects on Bangladesh. OVER VIEW ON GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHY 6. Geographically it is lying along the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea, in the s pop outh-east Asia, covering an area of 261,226 square kilometers.The rustic is b ordered by Thailand and Laos on the south-east , china on the north-east and Bangladesh and Indian state of Assam on the norht-west. It is con steadred to be the gateway to Indo-China peninsula as well as to China. Myanmar and Bangladesh distribute 171 miles of common border and have traditional commerce and cultural ties. There are 14 province and Arakan is one of them. 7. The people of Myanmar are of Mongoloid stock and derive from three main branches3 a. Tibeto-Burman. b. Mon-Khmer. c. Tai-Chinese. 8. Tibeto-Burman. The Tibeto-Burman group includes the Proto-Burmese, Kachins, Karens, Chins, Nagas etc.They entered Burma in three main quivers from three directions. The Protoburmese probably came rout the head-waters of Irrawaddy river and then from the north-east great deal the Salween valley. The Kachins entered from the north-west patch the Chins and Nagas found their way in, a little further to the south. The Karens moved down the line of ridges to the east of the Sittang river and roughly the preceding groups settled west of the Irrawaddy from where they moved into the delta. 9. Mon-Khmer. The Mon-Khmer group which includes Austro-Asiatic races including Mon, Palaung, riang etc.They moved down the Mekong river into the Greater Indo-China peninsula and some groups strike out out westward into the Shan plateau and south-easternBurma. 10. Tai-Chinese. Tai-Chinese includes the Shans, Lao, Shan-Bama etc. They as well as came down the Salween river and settled in the Shan plateau. HISTORY OF ROHINGYA Muslim Population in Myanmar 11. The most striking feature of the spread of Islam in Myanmar is that it clamsed gaining strength not by means of conversion but through immig confine of Muslims and progeny of mixed marriages. Muslim seamaen first reached Myanmar in ordinal century.During t he fifteen and cardinalteen centuries, Tenasserim and Mergui were known as Muslim cities, traded with Malacca, Bengal and Mecca. During the seventeenth century Muslims proved to be candid traders. They owned flourishing business houses and with their wealth had become so main(prenominal) that they alike held some important key administrative appointments. But these Muslims, mostly from southern India were not acceptable to the native population. With the arrival of the British and french in the area at the end of seventeenth century, most of the Muslims were removed from the office and some were even killed. 2. The Muslims continued to settled near coastal towns of Myanmar and marrying the Burmese women despite maltreatment given by the topical anaesthetic administrators. Many Muslims sea traders took this opportunity to fill settled in these region of Burma and the descendants of these Arab, Iranian and Indian Muslim traders formed the nucleus Burman Muslim community, which known as Kala. With the arrival of the Portuguese, Dutch, British and French Muslim domi demesne of the seas began to decline. From the middle of the sixteenth century to the middle of eighteenth, Muslims served the Burmese Army. 3. During the nineteenth century Muslims once again dominated not exactly in military work but also in administrative orders. Some of them were later on executed because the kings were not pleased their insistence on following their religious tenets. In the sixteenth century the Burmese Kings started settling Muslims in upper Burma, near Mydeyu in the regularise of Shwebo. These villages still exist today. The settlers were mostly Muslim prisoners who had been brought there at variuos periods. These Muslims received lands as their payment for their services to the king. 50 musketeers used to be supplied to the palace guard and this service was passed to the generations. Another group of Muslims from north India came to assign military service. The Bur mese took care to distribute the Muslim settlers in small groups and in many villages to counter the Muslims from forming a volume in any fall apartitioningicular place. Gradually the Muslims were being looked down by the Burmese and their privileges began to fall. Further transfer of Muslim took place to the places where the Burmese refused to go. Muslim Population in Arakan 14.Arakan province renamed Rakhine by the Myanmar giving medication came under the influence of Indian subcontinent in the 9th century A. D. In 11th century A. D. Arakan was make part of unified Burma. In the fifteenth century A. D. Arakan became an independent Muslim state under the rule of Sulayman Naramithla. The rule of Muslim King continued till it was conquered by Burmese Buddhist King Budapaya in 1784. Though Persian was the state language of this Muslim Arakan state, Bengali literature and poetry also flourished under direct patronage from Arakan Royal Court.Once a powerful state, Arakan Kingdom in cluded Chittagong up to Feni river. During Aurangzebs period the Mughuls captured Chittagong and the area east and south of river Karnaphully i. e. the present district of Banderaban and Coxs bazar which remained indoors Arakan Kingdom. In 1784 the Burmese King conquered Arakan including Coxs bazar. However, the British drove the Burmese from Coxs bazar in late 1790s and then conquered Arakan in 1823. Arakan was under British line of work since 1826, and an enterprising Rohingya commercial class emerged in Akyab- a fishing village turned capital of Arakan division. 5. The post independent upheaval of a group of Arakan Muslim under the banner of Mujahideens brought well-nigh the religious ambitions of the Muslims in Myanmar. Upto 1955 the Mujahideens posed a serious legal philosophy and order problem though they did not have often significance as a military threat to Rangoon as posed by other anti government forces. In general, local Arakan Buddhists community suffered a great de al of atrocities inflicted by them. This left a scar in the the relation surrounded by the Buddhist and Muslim communities, especially in Arakan.The Mujahideens failed to achieve the detain of other Arakanese and Burmese muslims, and their insurrection came to an end in 1955. The 1963-64 nation wide census revealed a round number of Arakanese Muslims sacttered around in Rangoon and Delta area. This caused considerable warning signal to the Burman Buddhist regimen. Origin of Rohingya 16. Arakan is inhibited mainly by the Rohingyas and the Maghs. The Maghs are of Mongolian origin and Buddhist by faith. The Rohingyas are Muslim. The present estimated population of Arakan is 2. 2 million.Of these 1. 4 millions are Muslim. The word Rohingya came from the word Rohang which is the ancient name of Arakan. The Rohingya Muslim constitute the dominant portion of Arakan , known earlier as Rohang. The Muslim of Arakans who werev ancestors of present Rohingyas came the main land in three wa ves a. depression Wave. In the 8th centuries A. D. immediately after the advent of Islam Arab traders started visiting Bengal and Arakan. Many of these Arabs settled down in Arakan and inter mingled with locals in various forms. b. Second Wave.In 1660 the Mughul prince Shah Shuja having been defeated by emperor, left Bengal and on the invitation of the Arakanses Magh King landed in Arakan. Shah Shuja had train of five super C followers who accompaned him to Arakan. Subsequently Shah Shuja and his family perished due to the treachery of Magh king Chandathu Sharma. However, Shah Shujas followers settled in Arakan. Being the Indian muslim they also merged with the local Rohingya comminity. c. Third Wave. The third wave entered Burma during the British rule when the Muslim rose population significantly.These Muslim went for work including from Bangladesh and got settled down over Arakan and other parts of Myanmar. 17. The arrival of Muslim in Arakan started few centuries earlier and p redated the arrival of many other people and races now inhibiting in Myanmar including Arakan. There are 153 registered ethnic races living in Myanmar where Rohingyas are not included. Though Rohingyas became gradually majority in Arakan but the political power remained wit the Maghs. PROBLEMS OF ROHINGYAS IN MYANMAR 18. existencewide.Since the liberty of Myanmar in 1948, the myanmar government had always been disarray due to multidimensional socio-political disorders. Ultimately, number of armed separatist movements had been nonionised and the number of insurgency groups continued to rise. Insurgency activities in Rakhine state along Bangladesh Border has also increase over the years. The suppressive attitude of the Military Junta gave rise to the political movement of the ethnic minorities all over Myanmar, where the movement of Rohingyas is no exception. The major problems of Rohingyas are disscussed in the subsequent paragraphs. 9. Depopulate Arakan of the Muslims. The withd rawal of British troops after the Second Wworld Wwar created a serious administrative vacuum in Arakan. The Magh communities in tacit consent with the Burma Independent Army killed approximately 100,000 rohingyas and drove out 50,000 across the border to the then East Pakistan. The idea was to depopulate Arakan of the Muslims. The relation amongst Arakan Muslims and Buddhist communities deteriorated4. 20. Right of Secession. During the independence of Myanmar from British, Rohingyas were kept away from all negotiations.Aung San and leading of other nationalities signed the historic Union Treaty, where the Union of Burma was formed consisting of individual nation states with the right take to the woods after ten years if the nationalities so wished. The agreement was adopted and included in the Unions constitution under the heading Right of Secession. Unfortunately, no Rohingya representative from Arakan was invited to attend the convention. Thereby, Arakan lost her individualis m and constitutional guarantee of their rights and freedom5. 21. False Hope to the Rohingya.Some of Rohingya took up arms to redress their grievances after the independence. They were persuaded to lay down their arms on the false promise of granting political rights and similar treatment as other nationalities by Burmese authority. The Burmese authorities repeatedly broke their promises forcing the Rohingyas wander into the neighboring countries. Since 1942, approximately 1. 2 million Rohingyas were either forcibly expelled or had to flee the country to escape persecution6. 22. Ethnic Diversity. Most of the problems of Myanmar are genic in nature.As many as fifty groups speaking over 100 languages and dialects have been identified for which the nation had to be administratively organised along ethnic lines, with seven so called states with non Burmese majority. All non Burmese majority states are located near the border. Somehow, the other people of the non Burmese majority states have traditional ties and bondage with their respective bordering neighbours in the form of religious belief, language, culture etc. During the independence from Britain, some of the states even opted to be the part of some other country and not Burma.The fact that apprehensions us is most Arakanese opted to be the part of the then East Pakistan, which remained a dream to them. Right from the inception of Burma, the government had been always reluctant about socio-political development of those non Burmese majority states. Most of the succession the people of non Burmese majority states were demolished. In consequence, insurrectionist activities continued to increase in those states7. 23. Muslim Imprisonment. Everything in Myanmar started degenerating as the Burmese way to socialism came in.As Arakan is the to the lowest degree developed province in Myanmar, the economicalal hardship was worst and a large number of Arakanese migrated into Myanmar proper. The 1963-64 nation wi de census revealed a large number of Arakanese Muslims scattered about in Rangoon and Delta area. This caused considerable alarm to the Bhama Buddhist authorities. Then the Ne Win regime imposed a law, which restricted the movement of Muslims in Arakan, especially prohibiting the movement of Akyab district. Thus the Muslims were put into a sort of imprisonment since 1964.However, indigence in Arakan could not stop all migration effectively. In the 1974 census, the authorities again found out the Arakan Muslim spreading over the commercially mobile areas of Myanmar. Ne Win, the socialist did not want that. The Muslims should be in Arakan only so that the Arakan Buddhist and Muslim could be used against each other. This was the best way to keep the national tone ending movement of the Arakanese checked. Subsequently, the military regime imposed tighter restrictions on the movement of the Muslims. They could not even move privileged their township or from village to village.Thus the y were virtually imprisoned8. 24. Demand of an Independent State. The Muslim movement in the British India for separate Muslim nation brought about great impact upon the Muslim of Burma. Especially Arakanese Muslims, being in touch with the Muslim League in East Bengal, were very much motivated with the idea of an independent state. The motivation turned into Jihad or Holy War in 1948-54 after the independence. The Mujahids demanded a separate Muslim state inside Burma in name of Arakanistan with the active patronization of Pakistan. However, the movement failed.But later they realized their effort under the flag of subject fieldism with the name of Rohingya9. 25. Migration from East Pakistan. While the Mujahideen subsided, East Pakistan spiritd poverty and famine. Arakan in Burma being close to border , some of the then East Pakistanis entered Arakan for their survival and possible future. This was helped by the corrupt immigration, army, police and other officials. This illega l entry was also to be believed to be the master sagacity of the then Burmese Minister of Home Affairs to gain vote for his caller in the choice of 1956 and 196010. 6. Political and Armed Movement. Since the day of independence, the Rangoon government has been keeping the Muslim population in Arakan as a balancing force against the Arakanese Buddhists to put down struggle for the national liberation. But the Muslims gradually realized that since 1964, the Buddhist and Muslim of Arakan forged unity to oppose military regime to hastenher . Many of the muslims joined Arakan National united Organization . Similarly the Arakan National Liberation Party patronized Muslim guerrillas, who emerged under the name of Rohingya.Such an alliance alarmed the Rangoon government. Meanwhile the emergence of the Arakan Liberation Party added much worry to the Junta. In 1977, the Ne Win forces wiped out the main army of these two groups along with their leaders. The event spread a overcloud of mise ry over the Arakanese population. At the equal time, a coup attempted by Arakanese was also f crudeed11. 27. unconscious process King Dragon Offensive. Burmese Army General Ne Win control the country from 1962 to 1988. As many as nine operations were carried out by Burmese Army /territorial reserve forces.Of which the major offensive was launched under the code name of King Dragon Offensive in 1978 to oppress the Rohingyas and the remnants of Arakanese Liberation forces. A large scale of atrocities were recorded by the ruling Junta. Ne Win ordered that small villages be abolished and concentrated in one large village which was fenced and stockaded with only one gate. Subsequently, hundreds of villagers were uprooted by force and driven into stockaded villages. Opposition and disobedience were met with stern and severe punishment. The table downstairs will gift the degree of atrocities carried out by the ruling Junta12 Ser Township Men Killed Women Raped Vills Destroyed 1 Kyau ktaw 1855 891 74 2 Ponnakyann 353 930 105 3 Rethedaung 91 340 19 4 Minbya 135 315 25 5 Mrohaung 55 239 19 6 Buthidaung 142 560 6 7 Maungdaw 295 1121 5 8 Mry Pon - - 6 Total 2926 4396 259 28. Rohingya Refugee Crises in First Phase. The operation King Dragon Offensive of Ne Win forced about 30,000 Rohingyas to enter Bangladesh. The efugees started arriving casual in an ever increasing number. By June 1978, the total had swelled to over 200,000 and housed in 13 camps in bordering districts of Bangladesh and Myanmar. The overwhelming majority of the refugees, thus, appeared to be children and old people. The refugees arrived principally from the townships of Akyab, Kyauktaw, Minbya, Myank-U, Kathe-taung, Pauktan, Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathidaung. While the villagers were suffering, Ne Win tried to get the support of city folks by showing that they were driving out Kalas a word used derogatively for foreigners. This was entertained b y some ignorant Arakanese in the cities.Most believed that the Ne Win regime started thinking about pushing the Muslims out into Bangladesh after the 1974 census, which revealed the migration of the Muslims into Burma proper and Eastern border. Whatever their origin, they are Burmese officially, and they have every right to move inside their own country. The restriction of their movement since 1964 and final forceful expulsion of the Arakanese Muslims is the infalliable conclusion of the racist nature of Bhama Military rregime led by General Ne Win13. 29. Reasons for Rohingya Exodus. a. Refugees Viewpoint. The refugees stated the following as the principal reasons for their exodus into Bangladesh14 1)Harassment by the Burmese Government agencies which reached a climax during the Operation Dragon mounted to get rid of the Muslim from Arakan. (2)Lack of adequate security in the areas of their residence. (3)Restriction on their free movement. (4)Rice levy with intolerable severety amo unting to oppression. (5)Omission of name of Muslims from the population returns of the census of 1973. b. Viewpoint of the Burmese Government. The viewpoint of the Burmese Government were distinguishable and these are as following15 (1)The Operation Dragon, a semi-military search operation was not directed against the Muslims but against the illegal immigrants.They maintained that traditionally the movement of population was from the west to the east and it was well known that many people from Bangladesh had come to Burma without well-grounded authority. In 1971, people from Bangladesh in thousands took shelter in Burma. (2)It was claimed that the Burmese Government that a survey was carried out to detect the illegal immigrants. It revealed that some Arakanese Muslims left Arakan as they did not like to submit themselves to this checking operation. Hence, those who had fled were considered by the Burmese Government as illegal immigrants. 30. Repatriation of Refugees. The effecti ve diplomatic effort of Bangladesh and with the assistance of UNHCR, both , Bangladesh and Myanmar settled down the issue.Some of the salient of the agreement are as under16 a. A category refugees holding National enrollment Certificate (NRC) would be repatriated immediately in the first phase with their family members. b. B category refugees, who could show any document issued by Burmese authority or any other proof as to their residence in Burma would be repatriated in the second phase. c. C category refugees are the left over ones and would be considered at the last. d. It was mutually agreed that the repatriation would start not later than 31 August 1978 and be completed within a period of six months from the date the first batch would return to Burma. e.It was also mutually agreed that the two governments would, after utmost of repatriation of all Burmese refugees, initiate measures to cooperate for the prevention of illegal crossings of the border by persons from either side and be prepared to receive repatriated residence found to have crossed the border subsequent to the enforcement of the two governments. As agreed upon, the repatriation started on 31 August 1978. The operation, however, ran into difficulties with C categories refugees numbering 11,149. Following a series of discussions betwixt the two governments, the government of Burma finally agreed that these refugees should be allowed to move into the reception camp located within Burma, where Burmese officials would take their oral evidence and after verification repatriate them to their respective villages.By 29 celestial latitude 1979, the repatriation operation was virtually completed. All the repatriates, on arrival in Burma were given a repatriation card and ultimately resettled in their respective villages. But the problem of who should be granted rights and privileges of citizenship remained an active issue. 31. Burma Citizenship impartiality. The Rohingyas came to Arakan about thou sand years ago and made a significant contribution to her culture and heritage. They became an integral part of Arakans political, social, economic and cultural life. But the citizenship laws passed in 1982, made the Rohingyas alien in the land of their fathers and ancestors.The new citizenship law defines citizen as those nationals who are the members of the ethnic groups that had settled in Burma before 1824, the date that marked the beginning of the British compound period, during which foreigners, especially Indians and Chinese freely entered the country. The non nationals were eligible to be classified as associates or naturalised citizens, concord to the detailed procedures specified in the law. The new law bars non nationals from holding important state and party positions, serving in the armed forces and police and pursuing higher education in the national institutions. These provision have seriously affected the individual rights and privileges of non nationals, which the y had previously enjoyed. This has further aggravated the socio-political disorders in the country17. 32.Change in handed-down Identity. As already mentioned, Bangladesh shares about 171 mile long border with Myanmar and that entire border belt forms part of the Rakhine state. Historically what was known as Arakan state has been officially changed to Rakkhine state by the military rulers some time in early 1980, siding with the existing Buddhist population. This step of the government created a serious twisting among the Arakan Muslims. Perhaps this was one of the major reasons for which number of insurgency groups has drastically increased from 1983 to 1993. Along the Bangladesh border, there were only four insurgent groups in 1983 which has increased to seven in 1993.Besides, latest reports reveal the existence of a new insurgent group known as All Burma Democratic Student precedent claiming themselves to be the armed student wing of Sun Kyi, the democratic leader of Myanmar. T he details of various insurgent groups operational in Rakkhine state is mentioned below18 a. Burmese Communist Party(BCP). b. National United Party of Arakan(NUPA). c. National United Front of Arakan(NUFA). d. Arakan Army(AA). e. National League for Democracy (NLD). f. Chin National Front (CNF). g. All Burma Democratic Student Front(ABSDF). h. Rohingya Solidarity institution (RSO). j. Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front (ARIF). k. Harkatul Ziehadul Islam of Arakan (HZIA). As of now the socio political disorder in Rakhine state is considered to be quite alarming.The gradual rise of insurgency activities has also seriously affected the historical peaceful relations between Bangladesh and Myanmar resulting into cross border violations and other issues of discord between the two countries. Role of SLORC 33. Deprivation from Voter disputation of 1989 Election. Through promulgation of Burmese Citizenship Act 1982, the Rohingya Muslims were deprived of their citizenship rights. They were made stateless. To prepare the voter list for 1989 General Electronics, the authorities initiated scrutiny through issue of National Registration Certificate (NRC) and Foreigners Registration Certificate (FRC) in Rakhine state.The Rohingya Muslims were then put through harassment as the Myanmar immigration authorities insisted on categorizing the Muslim inhabitants as Bengalee Burmese. The Rohingyas on the other hand insisted or being categorised as Arakan Muslims or Rohingya Muslim or Rakhine Muslims. The immigration authorities refused to accept the citizenship application from the Muslim population which resulted in the exclusion of a large number of Rohingya Muslims from the voter list19. 34. Establishment of Cantonments in Muslims Owned Lands. The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) after the 1988 military take over decided to set up a number of new military cantonments in Rakhine state particularly in the north, where the Muslims are a majority.The authorities acquired homestead or arable lands belonging to the Muslims without any compensation. The Muslims found themselves homeless, when they refused to be rehabilitated in suitable hilly region. The SLORC has taken up extensive programme of building cantonments and roads linking the cantonments and other military formations in the Muslims populate areas. The army forced local inhabitants to work in those projects with little or no wages at all. The Myanmar authorities do not provide fresh adequate ration to the troops deployed in the Arakan. As a result, they forcibly collect cattle and poultry from the locality at a much below market price.In Rakhine state, more Muslims lands were acquired by the SLORC for construction of cantonments and roads. The surplus land is given to Magh convicts and retired Army personnel on attractive terms, an attempt to change ethno-demographic pattern of the area20. 35. Military Atrocities. The Mynmar military authorities have destroyed or desecrated many Muslims pl aces of worship. They have looted their properties, killed the inhabitants and raped their women. The SLORC took away rice from the fields belonging to the Muslims in the border areas to prevent from selling rice in Bangladesh. The Rohingyas had participated in the democratic movement of 1988.The present military regime has reportedly forced Muslims to pay compensation for government property damaged during the mass upsurge21. 36. Refugee Crisis in Second Phase. In 1989, the popular unrest started for the restoration of democracy in Myanmar. The student led the movement for democracy and the government of Saw Mung suppressed it with an iron hand. There were a lot of casualties and the majority of the people who died or faced the tyranny of the army were Burmans. Thus the Burmans were unhappy with the political system. In order to divert the attention of the people, it was necessary for the military regime to do something. As a sequel they focused their attention once again on the R ohingyas.Again there was a search for the citizenship documents and in the absence of these documents, the Rohingyas had to face the atrocities. Therefore, once again the Rohingya issue surfaced in 1991 and this time approximately 270,000 Arakanese, mainlly the Rohingyas, crossed into Bangladesh. This time surfaced with greater gravity bringing both the countries almost close to a war. However, due to indirect mediation by China and under the pressure of various International Human Rights Organization, approximately 250,000 refugees have been accepted back by Myanamr and rest approximately 40,000 is in the process of repatriation. Though apparently Rohingya issue has died down, but with no self-assertion to us that it will not recur in future.As such, it is apprehended that Rohingya issue will continue to be a major stumbling block in the improvement of relations between Bangladesh and Myanmar. IMPACT ON BANGLADESH 37. The Rohingya problem has significant impact on Bangladesh. This can be stated as mentioned below a. Effect on Population. Bangladesh is already an over be country. The influx of the Rohingya refugees going to make Bangladesh more crowded with dense population. Besides this, the Rohingyas are having the same ethnic origin that of the people of the Chittagong area. They have got affinity with the Bangladeshis in terms of language and culture. The problem of differentiating them from local population make this problem more pronounced.This provides the Rohingyas an easy opportunity to become floating population in Bangladesh. It is feared that, presently more than 15000 Rohingyas are at large without any business. The intermarriage between the locals and Rohingyas are also making things more complicated in this aspects. b. Effects on Economy. Bangladesh is one of the poorest nation in the world and one of the major causes of her poverty is over population. Internationally the Rohingya problem has not been recognised so much, as such the out side s upport is not also very encouraging. Mostly it is the Bangladesh government who is traffic with this problem with her meager resources.Providing ration ( 4. 5 kg rice and adequate quantity of at and oil per refugee per week ) and other utilities to 19 Rohingya camps is costing Bangladesh heavily. Onrush of Rohingya refugees have already taken its toll on the resource constraint Bangladesh. The matter has put immense pressure on a densely populated country like Bangladesh. The poverty within region has increased many folds. It has already created a socio-economic dissymmetry in the area causing untold sufferings to the locals. Agricultural lands are being turned into sprawling refugee camps. Refugees allegedly sell rice and pulses rationed to them for buying vegetables and other essentials.Such illegal trade caused tremendous impact on the market price in the local area. At times the refuges are making false ration card to draw more ration. c. Effect on Ecology. The Rohingya refuge es have taken shelter in camps which are located on 608 hectares of woodwindry land in Coxs bazar and Bandarban district. What is causing serious concern is that the surrounding rich forest are being destroyed by the refugees who are felling trees to use them as fuel or selling them for their livelihood. Already, the forest here has been denuded of the bamboo as they have been cut for making houses for the refugees. We are afraid that, if the refugees are to stay here for another year, nothing would be left for the forest.The forest department claims that till September 92 the refugees have destroyed forest resources worth Taka 740 million. They estimate that the refugees have damaged natural forest of 2021acres and new plantation of 91. 05 acres. d. Effect on Law and Order. The situation in and around the camps is a hostile one. The locals who lived scattered in the villages are scared of the refugees who live together and who in a minute can organise a united attack on the locals . The local fears that they are being outnumbered by the refugees. It is alleged that thousands of refugees have already slipped out of the camps and settled in the nearby villages and towns.With Bangladesh and the UNHCR consolidating the simpleness operation for the refugees, an opposition backed group, Rohingya Repatriation Action Committee (RRAC ) has stepped up its campaign against the refugees. Launching a movement of 12 point demands, the RRACs main focus is against the move to build new camps at Jammupara off Ukhia. They complain that the camp would destroy their firms and encroach upon government owned forests. Besides these, at least five refugees were killed, one hundred injured and nearly five hundred others were arrested following commotion that swept different refugee camps. It is alleged that at times the refuges have used fire arms.There are instances where the agitating Rohingyas assaulted camp officials and on duty policemen. The militant refugees of the Dhuapalong camp also attacked a nearby village and looted the homes of the villagers. It is reported that some foreign NGOs and the UNCHR officials were involved in agitating the refugees. The UNCHR promptly denied such an allegation. e. Effects on Politics. Presently Bangladesh is not in a comfortable situation to deal with this matter politically. The attitude of the Myanmar government in regards to Rohingya problem is not conducive to diplomatic solution. At the same time Bangladesh is not in a situation to enforce her desire in this aspect on Myanmar.There are possibilities of detoriating relationship between Bangladesh and China as China maintains extremely good relation with Myanmar. A perpetual enmity with Myanmar leaves Bangladesh to be sandwiched between two antagonistic neighbours India and Myanmar. Enmity with Myanmar also is likely to deprive Bangladesh of the opportunity of exploiting Myanmars future economic and commercial potential. There are also strong public and political op inion in favour of internationalising the Rohingya issue especially involving the United Nations. Bangladesh is carefully avoiding to do so and trying for bilateral negotiations. It whitethorn be possible that China has played a covert role in convincing Bangladesh to settle for a bilateral solution to save Myanmar from embarrassment.The relationship between the Bangladesh Government and some of the NGOs have also detoriated as the NGOs were playing negative role in the repatriation process. f. Effect on Administration. The Rohingya problem has become a huge administrative burden on the Bangladesh Government. It has become a real problem to maintain accountability of the refugees and maintain the administration of their camps. Bangladesh had to establish separate administrative organisation where huge number of government officials are placed to look after the administration of the Rohingya refugees. CONCLUSION 30. The arrival of Muslim in Arakan started few centuries earlier and pr edated the arrival of many other people and races now inhibiting in Myanmar including Arakan.There are 153 registered ethnic races living in Myanmar where Rohingyas are not included. Though Rohingyas became gradually majority in Arakan but the political power remained wit the Maghs. 31. Rohingyas are an unfortunately peiple. Although, they are a part of the Burmese race and have been living in Arakan for about thousand years, they have been persistently subjected to persecution by the successive Myanmar regimes. In the past they were driven out of their homes more than once. Contrary to the Burmese Laws, the Burmese Constitution and international Laws, these ill fated peiple have been discriminated because of their race, religion and culture.The last nail in the coffin in these series of repression and discrimination was the passing of the black law called, Burmese Citizenship Law 1982 by which the Rohingyas have been made aliens in the land of their ancestors. All these happened ma inly because Myanmar has been ruled by the dictators where human right violations are common practices. 32. The Rohingya issue is not of recent origin. It has been there for more than hundred years. The exodus of Rohingya refugees is a recurrent matter and took place several times under the persecution of different Burmese ruler. The systematic manner in which the Burmese government is proceeding with its current actions apparently reveals that they think to uproot the Rohingyas from Arakan alleging them to be illegal immigrants.Rohingyas on the other hand, demand for the citizenship rights and full protection of their culture, religion, ethnic individuality and property. The impacts of Rohingya refugees on Bangladesh are significantly. It is posing threat to our socioeconomic condition, environment, security and bilateral relationship of Bangladesh. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1. S R Chakravarty (Ed), Foreign Policy Of Bangladesh, Haranand Publications, 1994. 2. Abdul Razzak and Mahfuzul Haque, A Tale of Refugees in Bangladesh, Centre for human rights, 1995. 3. Shwe Lu Maung, Nationalism an abbreviation of Society, Culture and Politics of Burma, University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1986. 4.Muhammad Shamsul Haq, Bangladesh in International Politics-Relations with Neighbours Burma,University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1993. Presentation Papers 5. Rohingya Problems by 9 Infantry Division. 6. Modernization of Myanmar Army by 24 Infantry Division. Interview 7. Mr. Faruk Alamgir, DDG News, Bangladesh Television. 8. Mr. Manzoorul Haque, Senior Logistics & Coordination Officer, UNHCR. 9. Mr. Nurul Islam, Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 SR Chakravarty (Ed), Foreign Polcy of Bangladesh, 1994, P. 293. 2 ib.P. 293. 3 Presentation paper on Rohingya problem by 9 Infantry Division. 4 A boloney of Rohingyas in Bangladesh by Abdur Razzaq and Mahfuzul Haque,1995, P. 15-16. 5 Ibid, P. 16. 6 Ibid, P. 7 Shwe Lu Maung, Nationalism and Ideology an Analysis odf Society, Culture and Polotics of Burma, University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1989, P. 61-62. 8 Modernazition of Myanmar Army, Presentation by 24 Infantry Division, P. 12. 9 Ibid, P. 60 61. 10 Ibid, P. 61. 11 Ibid, P. 62 65. 12 Ibid, P. 62 64. 13 Muhammad Shamsul Haq, Bangladesh in International politics- Relations with Neighbours Burma, University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1993, P. 135. 14 Ibid, P. 136. 15 Ibid. 16 Ibid. P. 141. 17 Modernasization of Myanmar Army, Opcit. P. 13.. 18 Ibid. P. 14 15. 19 A Tale of Rihingyas in Bangladesh by Abdur Razzaq and Mahfuzul Haque, 1995, P. 20. 20 Ibid, P. 21. 21 Ibid.

Public sector finance and control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public field finance and control - Assignment ExampleRestricting further council tax band D dilute will prompt grant from the subject presidential term. A large government grant would be alert in funding most of the services thus reduce the pressure on the local administration and the tax payers to collect much tax to fund the services. Careful valuation should be done on the properties to ensure that they are in their right band value. There are some instances that properties may be in Band C while their real values correspond with that of Band D. This will be vital in enhancing the efficiency of tax collection on the properties. Discretionary reductions of council on retention should be eradicated in order to increase the tax base. Another issue is through the issuance of local government bond to get more finances to fund the services (Burnham & Horton,2013).In United Kingdom, taxation entails pay to the two levels of the government, the local government and the central gov ernment. The revenue of central government primarily comes from the contribution of national insurance, fuel duty, corporation tax, value added tax, and income tax. Revenue for local government primarily comes from council tax, grants from central government funds, production line rates, and other fees and charges. Taxes are calcu noveld in the tax course of instruction which in mostly cases begins on late march or early April and ends on late march or early of the subsequent year (Polito,2010).The personal taxes entail income tax, inheritance tax and council tax. Income tax is the governments largest source of revenue and makes 30% of the total revenue. Individual Income that is above the personal allowance is taxed basing on a number of bands that entail basal rate, higher rate and additional rate. Inheritance tax is charges on the transfer of property or property value that entails transfer of certain types of trust, gifts offered within a period of seven years upon the death of a property

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

History - Essay deterrent exampleOn the some other hand, the issue of phantasmal conflicts is also on the rise. Historical Perspective of Terrorism and spiritual Conflicts 1. Terrorism Terrorism refers to the acts of warfare staged by a group of enemy combatants who usually targets a clique of large number or institution in a bid to make the victim to circulate in to certain demands (Cole 2011). Take a case of the September 11, 2001 fervor the al-Qaida claimed responsibility for the attack and demanded that the United States desists from attacking Iraq. In the past, terrorists actions were quite predictable and as such, it was easier to thwart, there acts. However, terrorists suck taken a new twist they have gone viral to say the least. Terrorist of the 21st centuary have the most modern weapons, which makes it hard to fight them. The diaphragm East has been the traditional territory of the terrorist where all the plans of terrorists are executed. Lutz & Lutz (2011) say tha t lately, the terrorists exits everyplace even in the place you least expect them. It is no longer a surprise to materialise that Native Americans have been assimilated into terrorism. Moreover, they execute terror attacks against their own country. Take a case of the September 11 bombing some of the culprits were the Americans. The terrorist have taken terrorism a notch higher. They have incorporated thermonuclear weapons, biological weapons, and chemical weapons. Several attempts through both diplomatic and military intervention have been correct in place to thwart the growth of such dangerous weapons (Cole 2011). These weapons are very dangerous and let threat to the entire humanity. The nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons can wipe out man out of the surface of the earth. 2. phantasmal Conflicts Religious conflicts are rife in the society today owing to the religious intolerance among the different religious groups. A perfect example of religious conflict is the one pitting Christians against Islamics. Arab-Israeli conflict has dragged on for decades and there is no end in sight. The Arab nations are at war with the Israeli and as such, they enforce Islam as an avenue to mobilize the Arabs against non-Muslim nations such as Israel. The Islam religion commenced around the 7th centuary in Middle East (Lutz & Lutz 2011). Mohamed, who would later introduce the concept of Jihad, started the religious outfit. The idea of Jihad was to spread Islam religion by the use of force. To date almost all Arab nations in the Middle East and Northern Africa profess the Muslim faith. The Islam have evermore been associated with the issue of violence popularly known as Jihad which champions for aggression against other religious groups such as Christians. It is worth noting that Islam extremists have gone to an extent of staging war against Christians through terror related attacks. In fact, the September 11 attacks show the extent to which Muslim extremist hav e taken the conflict between Christian and Muslims. Effects of Terrorism and Religious Conflicts It is worth noting that terrorism and religious conflicts has adverse social, economic and political effects to the society today. The aftermath of terror attacks or religious conflicts is always greeted with loss of lives, injuries, and loss of property. The September 11 attack was an epitome of the adverse negative impacts to the society. Several people lost their lives resulting to untold metal torture and agony to their friends and relatives. Losing a loved

Free Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

dispense with Trade - Essay ExampleIn the orbicular context, promoting free trade means opening up global markets. In other words, markets increasingly become liberal as protectionist activities reduce. The idea is to offer global trade players an equal environment inwardly which they conduct their business. Notably, governments are the primary carry outrs of free trade in the international trade environment.In streamlining free trade across the globe, governments come up with policies or programs that work and implement oversight authorities such as World Trade Organization and the European Union. These bodies enforce trade agreements and relationships, thus ensuring compliance to the set rules and regulations. For the European Union, the mandate of the body goes beyond the trade factor. However, the economic aspect of the union is critical to the acknowledgement of free trade within and across member states.The realization of global free trade is not an easy process. This is because diverse and dynamic factors affect trade activities within and across domestic, regional, national, and international levels. In todays global economy, there are many various operational trade agreements and treaties. This shows the extent to which international trade players are willing to embrace and subsequently design free trade.David Ricardos comparative advantage supposition is influential in international trade (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2012). This supposition sets out the advantages of international trade based on the production factor. In light of the theory, trade is distinguished because it allows producers across the globe to capitalize their production strengths while benefiting from the strengths of another state in the same regard. This theory informs the basis of free trade, where stakeholders seek to maximize their trade welfare through liberal or more open markets

Meter and Rhythm in the Poem Garden Of Love by William Blake Essay

Meter and Rhythm in the Poem Garden Of Love by William Blake - Essay ExampleAt the age of 25 Blake married Catherine Boucher, and in 1785 he opened a print shop that failed and left him to eke out a miserable living with inadequate numbers of orders for designs and engravings. During the Napoleonic Wars not many people in England could afford the high cost of contracting the work of an engraver.In 1804 Blake was charged with sedition but was acquitted, because a drunk had wrongly accused him. In 1809 his single machination exhibition of sixteen works went unnoticed by everyone except a lone critic who criticized it fiercely. Blakes literary work was so highly learnd by the politics of his time that it most likely hurt his supremacy as an engraver. In the last years of his life, Blake met a group of young artists whose appreciation for his work sticking out(p) his growing destitution. William Blake died on August 12, 1827.2The poem is found in the anthology Songs of Innocence and of Experience. William Blake was so little acknowledge in his lifetime that the author merely managed to issue and sell his poetry intermittently over his superior career, and his poetic work was essentially little cognise or regarded by his contemporaries. Blake at first only wrote poetry in his spare time. Though Blake acquired nearly repute as an engraver and an artist, those who recognized his genius compose commonly believed him to be somewhat eccentric in his own time.4The Garden of Love, speaks fr... etime that the author only managed to write and sell his poetry intermittently over his professional career, and his poetic work was essentially little known or regarded by his contemporaries. Blake at first only wrote poetry in his spare time. Though Blake acquired some repute as an engraver and an artist, those who recognized his genius still commonly believed him to be somewhat eccentric in his own time.4 The Garden of Love, speaks from a first person viewpoint to set t he individuals early experience of the uncanny loveliness of the natural world in stilted contrast with the intrusion of the unforgiving celluloid constructs of ghostly observance. The narrator returns to the lost innocence of childhood, once experienced in its natural ambience, to revive the uplifting computer storage of the long-forgotten bliss of a Garden sanctuary, only to find it pointlessly spoiled by a man-made Chapel - metaphorically representing the imposition of the censorious rules and strictures of an adult religious life - overwhelming the once-healthy lighthearted and devil-may-care ambience of his youth.5 The carefully chosen imagery of the garden and youth characterize the early experience of humanity in its pristine state as the natural ambience for the exuberant child in the unaffected(p) transparency and original innocence reminiscent of the Biblical Garden of Eden.6 The incursion of the Chapel erected in the middle of the Garden, which the narrator never had seen as a youth, imposes the unnatural structure of organized religion whose detrimental influence begins to escalate as the poem communicates more of its closed and censorious nature in the following stanzas. The vacant stone edifice of the Chapel supplanting the covenant and freedom of the green - a conventional metonymy for promise and

A Consideration of Necessity in the Work of David Hume Essay

A Consideration of Necessity in the Work of David Hume - Essay ExampleIn his Treatise of gay Nature, David Hume delineates his theory of human morality. The form of argument Hume takes is the concept that human morality is not based on coherent thought and logical reason, but is instead the upshot of humanitys passionate fervor. Since this fervor cannot present itself as the creation of logical reason, it would be consequently be the ultimate in the lack of logical intellection to adjudicate both moral deed as being the result of either rational or irrational thought. Hume delivers a succession of explanations that serve to reveal why humanity should express scepticism toward any conclusion based upon reasoning that is arrived at through familiarities based on sensory erudition.Hume concludes that even in the face of complexities that are presented by virtue of the illogic inherent in sensory perception, humans keep mum maintain a forcible belief in illogical conclusions collec table to psychology.This presents the paradoxical notion that blotto belief is often grounded in contradictions.Humes argument posits that it is even within the realm of possibility that the most grounded and reassured reasonable conclusions are, in fact, merely probable and that the degrees of probability are subject to intense scrutiny with for each one additional analysis. Mistakes made on the basis of supposedly rational certainty are legion due to the inescapable imperfectability of human judgment. The ironic paradox of human judgment resides in the fact that each still analysis of the previous judgment decreases the probability of correctness in the original judgment. This has particularly chilling grammatical constructions when considered against the probable for reductions of probability in those elements that humans invest the utmost confidence in regarding the infallibility of correctness, such as laws of math and science. Hume emphasises that thither are three stip ulations required to confirm merely through observation. The first he termed the aspect of constant conjunction, in which the cause and the effect are required to be both spatially and constantly extant. The second stipulates that the cause must have come before the effect itself. And finally, there must be a conjunction of necessity that is it must be possible to ascertain why the cause produces the effect. Humes appraisal of causation necessarily dictates that it can only be inferred and not examined and his conclusions indicate that it is impossible to achieve an view of a necessary connection rather, one must experience constant conjunction and temporal precedency Experience only teaches us how one event constantly follows another, without instructing us in the secret connection which binds them together (Hume, 1870, p. 347). Ultimately, Hume asserts that there are significant limitations to reason. Hume maintains that humans remain convinced that any object that is sight ex ists independently. Once this belief is subject to analysis, however, it is determined to be without basis and that paradox provides a basis for involution in the process of reasonable determination. All perceptions are dependent upon human observation and even the slightest revision in the senses can distort that perception. Since this is one of the few absolute truths that exists, it is not logical to assume that perception can be something existing independently of us, nor can it possibly exist when there is nobody there to perceive it. Despite this Hume asserts that people will almost never surrender their natural belief in the existence of an external world that is separate from their perceptions. The

Educational Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

educational Psychology - Essay ExampleEducational psychology is worried with the procedure of educational achievement in the middle of the universal population and sub-populations such as talented children and those subject to precise disabilities (Woolfolk, A. & Margetts, K. 2007).Scenario 1 Hell Speak to his BrainAndrew was a very slow writer. He constantly stared into space and was easily disconcert and yet didnt admit he had a problem. Miss OBrien has spoken to his previous teacher, who express he was lazy. Miss OBrien believed that a lot of Andrews behaviour was linked to being mysophobic of getting it wrong and she had her suspicions that pressure came from home. She developed a strong relationship with Andrew and he eventually admitted to her that he had a problem with his writing. One day when Miss OBrien was working with Andrew, she asked him why he couldnt write what was in his head. He said, When I get up to five things in my head they rend like a bubble - its like try ing to pick up a bubble, when you associate it, it bursts. It was a real insight into Andrew. He had just shown her how able he was at using and despotic language to capture his thoughts and feelings. He had identified his short-term memory problems. After that Andrew really unburdened himself tell that he was anxious that Mum and Dad might realise he has a problem and he believed himself that he couldnt write. Together Miss OBrien and Andrew devised three ways to help. First, they had a book of ideas which Andrew could strain around and when he saw or did something interesting he could make a note of it.